Chapter 1. Study methodology and procedure.
Reproductive health care is one of the most important lines of activities aimed at improving health of the population of Turkmenistan and is the basis for the health of the present and future generations. In the natural process of reproduction not only socio demographic indices of population growth are important but also medical ones connected with healthy offspring birth. To achieve this it needs to create a system of health care preventive measures providing proper condition and functioning of both the whole organism and the reproductive system as well. Program Health of the President of Turkmenistan Saparmurat Turkmenbashi is directed at creating such a system.
One of the major reproductive health care conditions is population informativeness in the issues of fertility regulation, observance of birth space, prevention of genital disorders, STD and abortion consequences etc. To make a search of knowledge level of these issues among adolescents being at a before reproductive period of their development as well as their parents there was conducted an investigation organized by the UNPF in Turkmenistan within the framework of the Project TUK 96 PO 3 jointly with the Ministry of Health and Ministry of Education. Specialists from SCC of MCHC named after Kurbansoltan edge, Turkmen State Medical Institute and Turkmen State University, Institute of Statistics and Prognosis, workers of systems of medicine and education, schoolteachers took an active part in the investigation.
The goals of the investigation were the following:
Data capture was performed according to the questionnaires prepared in advance separately for teenagers and their parents. Questionnaires had been worked out by the specialists from SCC of MCHC and approved by the UNESCO expert D-r Abdul Khakim and the UNFPA expert M-m Jean Robson. Comments and suggestions were made by reviewers: academician of AMST D-r Turayeva SH. M. the head of the Department of Reproductology of SCC of MCHC, the Head of the Department of Constitutional and Informational Law of the Turkmen State University Prof. Khaitov M. O.
Investigation strategy supposed a quantitative collection of information from teenagers of 14 18 and their parents both in urban and rural areas. To achieve the goals of the investigation and collection of full information volume was supposed possible only through giving responses to questionnaire issues. Once the questionnaires had been responded, specialists: doctors, teachers, lawyers conducted information clarifying talks about the activities devoted to reproductive health care being performed in the country as well as talks about a necessity to increase attention of healthcare institutions and parents to these problems. Very often talks escalated into animated communication in the course of which very important problems of social maturity of youth were touched upon.
After meetings with parents a survey of students was conducted. Moreover, boys and girls were questioned separately in different classrooms and afterwards a clarifying activity about possible consequences of inattentive attitude towards ones own reproductive health, different disorders and preventive measures was performed. And these talks as well as it took place in case with adults grew into animated communication and there emerged a great deal of questions from teenagers. The activity undertaken once more confirmed topicality and timeliness of measures aimed at reproductive health care of both teenagers and adults.
An important element of sociological research is observance of reliability and objectivity of the received information. Proper execution of these requirements was achieved due to the fact that respondents were informed of anonymity of the survey and the use of their responses only for working-out effective measures for reproductive health care. Respondents filled out questionnaires independently and this created an opportunity for each of them to present thoughtful responses for the given questions.
Data capture was to be performed in two velayats on the basis of a selective investigation. So, for the survey there were selected a close to the capital Akhal Velayat and the largest from the point of view of quantity of rural inhabitants Mary Velayat (according to the data of the Institute of Statistics and Prognosis the part of the rural population in Mary Velayat in 1996 was 74 per cent that is the highest index among all velayats). Among administrative territorial units of rural regions etraps the surveys were conducted in 4 etraps of Mary velayat (Mary, Vekil-Bazar, Murgab and Youlotan) and in 3 etraps of Akhal velayat (Ashgabat, Gyurs and Tedjen). The surveys were also conducted in the capital Ashgabat and a velayat center the city of Mary.
Teenagers were questioned at schools, lycees, colleges and technical colleges, since the major place of their concentration were still educational establishments. Selection of schools for the survey was made with the use of sample steps and territorial location of schools in the region of the survey to get representative data. In the course of the survey there was taken into account the age to be referred to the adolescent age, that is 14 18. Accordingly pupils of 7 8 9 10th forms were selected.
As a result there were questioned 2525 pupils and 2211 parents. According to socio demographic indices the respondents were distributed in the following way:
Age: 14 190
15 945
18 136
Regions:
Ashgabat 435
Akhal velayat 598
Mary 398
Mary velayat 1164
Regions:
Ashgabat 331
Akhal velayat 612
Mary 258
Mary velayat 1030
Educational level:
with a scientific degree 26
with high education 750
Secondary and special secondary 1093
Incomplete secondary 334
As for the age range it was very wide from 30 to 65.
Input and computing of the data were made by the specialists of the Institute of Statistics and Prognosis of Turkmenistan with the use of SPSS program possibilities.
The research group expressed their gratitude to UNFPA in Turkmenistan for organization and financial support of the survey. Besides, we are grateful to the organizations and specialists for taking an active part in the survey and assisting in the research.